Okusebenzayo, akubhaliswa abasha

Ucwaningo lwezokwelapha luyaqhubeka, nokho abacwaningi abafuni ababambiqhaza abengeziwe manje.

Isenzakalo esibi

Inkinga yokwelapha eyenzekayo noma eba yimbi ngesikhathi socwaningo lwezokwelapha noma phakathi nenkathi ethile ngemva kokuphela kocwaningo. Isenzakalo esibi kungenzeka noma kungenzeki ukuba sibangelwe umuthi wophenyo othathwa umuntu.

Ucwaningo lwezokwelapha (noma ucwaningo lophenyo)

Ucwaningo lwezokwelapha isifundo sophenyo esihlelelwe ukufunda indlela imizimba yethu esabela ngayo emithini yophenyo noma okunye ukwelashwa kophenyo. Ngesikhathi socwaningo lwezokwelapha, ababambiqhaza babelwa ukuthola muthi noma ngeziye izikhathi, abatholi muthi. Ngokuvamile injongo yocwaningo ukuthola izindlela zokuvimbela, ukuxilonga, noma ukwelapha isifo noma esinye esimo sempilo.

Izigaba zocwaningo lwezokwelapha

Noma yimuphi umuthi (umgomo, umuthi, idivayisi yokwelapha, noma inqubo) kumele idlule ezigabeni ezi-3 zezingcwaningo zokwelapha. Isigaba ngasinye sihlola ukuphepha kokwelashwa, ukuthi kusebenza kahle kangakanani, inani (umthamo), kanye nemiphumela engemihle.

Isimo

Isifo, ukuphazamiseka, i-syndrome, ukugula, noma ukulimala okuphenywa abacwaningi.

Ucwaningo olulawulwayo

Uhlobo locwaningo lwezokwelapha oluqhathanisa umuthi othile kanye nomunye umuthi. Ngokuvamile, umuthi wophenyo omusha uqhathaniswa nomuthi ovamile noma ojwayelekile (obizwa ngokuthi owukulawula). Ukulawula kungaba iqembu lababambiqhaza ocwaningweni olufanayo noma iqembu lababambiqhaza basocwaningweni noma uphenyo olwedlule.

Imibandela yokufaneleka

Izimfuneko zocwaningo lwezokwelapha kubantu abafuna ukujoyina. Lokhu kuhlanganisa imibandela yokufakwa (izici ezivumela umuntu ukujoyina ucwaningo) kanye nemibandela yokungafakwa (izici ezivimbela umuntu ukujoyina ucwaningo). Ngokwesibonelo, kungenzeka ucwaningo lwamukele kuphela ababambiqhaza abangaphezu noma ngaphansi kweminyaka ethile.

Ukubhalisa

Inani lababambiqhaza ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha. “Ukubhalisa okulinganiselwayo” inani lababambiqhaza abadingwa abacwaningi ocwaningweni.

Imibandela yokungafakwa

Izici (noma izizathu) ezivimbela umuntu ukujoyina ucwaningo lwezokwelapha.

Ukufinyelela okunwetshiwe

Inqubo iqondiswa ama-ejensi omthetho evumela izinkampani zemithi ukwenza umuthi omusha ophenywayo (ngaphambi kokugunyazwa kwawo) ezigulini ezinezifo ezibucayi noma izimo ezingakwazi ukubamba iqhaza ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha.

Imibandela yokufakwa

Izici (noma izizathu) ezivumela umuntu ukujoyina ucwaningo lwezokwelapha.

Imvume esekelwe olwazini

Imvume esekelwe olwazini inqubo lapho abacwaningi bekhuluma nabantu abacabangela ukubhalisa, noma asebebhalisile, ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha. Bazocela ukuba ufunde ifomu lemvume esekelwe olwazini (ICF) echaza izinzuzo nezingozi ezingaba khona. Ikutshela ukuthi ukubamba iqhaza ocwaningweni ukwenza ngokuzithandela, nanokuthi ungashiya ucwaningo nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.

Umgomo wenqubo yemvume esekelwe olwazini ukuvikela ababambiqhaza ababhalisela izingcwaningo zezokwelapha. Inqubo yemvume esekelwe olwazini iqala lapha lowo ocabangela ukubamba iqhaza eqala ukubuza ngolwazi oluphathelene nocwaningo futhi eqhubekela phambi kuze kuphele ucwaningo.

Ifomu lemvume esekelwe olwazini (ICF)

Idokhumenti esetshenziselwa inqubo yemvume esekelwe elwazini.

Umuthi wophenyo

Umuthi noma umkhiqizo wezinto eziphilayo osetshenziswa ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha nokho awugunyaziwe igunya lezempilo (umuthi awukatholakali ukuba ukhishwe odokotela noma uyatholaka kodwa awugunyaziwe igunya lezempilo ukusetshenziselwa injongo ecwaningwayo).

Ikomiti Elizimele Lezimiso Zokuziphatha (IEC)

I-IEC ikomiti lodokotela, izazi zezibalo, abameli bomphakathi, nabanye abasiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ucwaningo lwezokwelapha luqhutshwa ngokwezimiso zomthetho nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo ababambiqhaza bocwaningo. Zonke izikhungo eziqhuba noma ezisekela uphenyo lwe-biomedical oluhilela abantu kumele, ngokomthetho, zibe ne-IEC iqala ngokugunyaza futhi ngezikhathi ezithile ibuyekeze uphenyo.

Izingcwaningo ezivulekile

Izingcwaningo ezibhalisa ababambiqhaza manje noma esikhathini esizayo, noma ezihlanganisa imithi etholakalayo yokufinyeleleka okunwetshiwe (zingasetshenziswa iziguli ezithile ngaphambi kokukugunyazwa ama-ejensi omthetho).

Umuthi-mbumbulu

Into efana ncamashi engenawo umuthi. Umuthi-mbumbulu wenziwe ukumba ubonakale, unambitheke, futhi ube omuthi ofana nowocwaningo.

Iphrothokholi

Incazelo ebhaliwe yocwaningo lwezokwelapha. Kuhlanganisa imigomo, umklamo, nezindlela zocwaningo. Futhi kungahlanganisa idatha nolwazi oluyisisekelo oluhlobene nesayensi.

Umxhasi

Inhlangano noma umuntu oqala ucwaningo, alukhokhelele, futhi unegunya kanye nokululawula.

Imigomo

Ukwelashwa okusiza ukuhlinzeka ngokuvikeleka ekuthelelekeni okuthile, ngokuvamile okunikezwa njengomjovo.

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